Finders Keepers

Treaty of Tolentino

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The Treaty of Tolentino was signed after nine months of negotiations between France and the Papal States on February 19, 1797. It was part of the events following the invasion of Italy in the early stages of the French Revolutionary Wars. The signatories were the French Directory's ambassador to the Holy see, François Cacault, and General Bonaparte, and four representatives of Pius VI's Curia.

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Channels: Ancient ArtExhibitionsRoman Art

Before Napoleon Dynamite there was Napoleon Bonaparte. Looting as he conquered foreign lands, French general Bonaparte amassed an impressive collection of Roman art to bring home to Paris. Follow the adventures of this notorious leader and discover his exploits along the way.

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00:00:15 When museums, like the Louvre, acquired objects that were uprooted from their original soil, it was part of an international trend that had been going on for thousands of years.

00:00:25 Up until the 19th century, it was very common for people to acquire, in various ways, elements of the past.

00:00:33 The rules of ancient warfare as were the rules of warfare throughout most of history, up until very recently, is conquest equaled ownership.

00:00:44 Pack them up and ship them home. Without any assumption they were doing anything wrong, other than preserving things.

00:00:58 The thing to appreciate is that the Roman antiquities, of all kinds, fascinated the imperial French, Napoleon himself.

00:01:05 Napoleon had a personal fascination with the Roman world. He saw himself in the guise of an emperor.

00:01:10 This was a culture that was desperate to find iconography of a new empire. Where better to go, than ancient Rome?

00:01:19 And if it involved a little bit of international smash and grab, so much the better, Napoleon was good at this.

00:01:25 When he conquered Italy in 1797, according to the Treaty of Tolentino, 100 objects at the

00:01:35 French's choice could be taken, that was part of the peace treaty.

00:01:40 There actually was a big procession down Champs-Elysees to almost like a triumphal procession that the Romans had

00:01:49 in bringing this war's folia into Paris.

00:01:53 Napoleon reaches into his own extended Corsican family, his sisters, his brothers, to find suitable candidates for the kingdom.

00:02:02 Napoleon's sister was married to a Borghese. The Borghese's were Roman aristocrats.

00:02:09 It just so happened that Prince Camillo Borghese was Napoleon's brother-in-law, had some gambling debts,

00:02:16 Napoleon said well, we'll make you good that will cost you 500 works of sculpture.

00:02:22 And because there was a financial exchange, the Borghese thought they did not have to be returned to Italy.

00:02:30 Once Napoleon falls, in 1815, there was the question what to do with the stuff that has been demanded back!

00:02:39 When Napoleon ultimately lost, many of the works of art were returned to Italy.

00:02:47 The Louvre kept a certain number of them by exchanging other works that they had with the former owners. So that there are a number of the pieces in the exhibition, that came to the Louvre that way.